Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

The lack of Quranic approaches in the production of Quran-based humanities is still felt, despite the predominance of the philosophical approach in critical approaches to modern humanities, which has become very common in the Islamic world and in Iran for several decades. It seems that the capacity of the method of thematic exegesis (al-Tafsīr al-mawdū'ī, Arabic: التفسیر الموضوعیّ) in this regard, can be used to bring the Holy Quran into the field of humanities. Thematic exegesis, according to whether its subject is inside or outside the Qur'an, has several functions in criticizing the structure of modern knowledge and scientific research, as well as the production of Islamic humanities. It is possible to make use of thematic exegesis of the inside of the Holy Book of Quran in order to “fundamental criticism” of the general fundamentals of humanities -the fundamentals of epistemology, axiology, ontology and anthropology- and it is also possible to use thematic exegesis for constructing and producing foundation of humanities obtained from the Holy Quran. It is used by thematic interpretation exegesis of the outside of the Holy Book of Quran -such as Shahīd (martyr) Sadr’s interrogational approach- to answer the problems of humanities and this process faces challenges such as the complexity and multiplicity of the “subject” of the humanities that exist in modern terminology of this field. It can be used in order to solve this issue in some cases to know the process of the change of the components of the modern of the conceptual history’s approach and also by analyzing the issue into several components can be shown that the components are not necessarily a product of the modern era and can be followed up in the Holy Quran and can be found up in the Holy Quran. The perspective of the Holy Quran, after that, regarding the modern subject in the desired field by the “combining” of the results obtained based on the thematic interpretation.

Estimation of cytoplasmic effects of Baluchi sheep breed for production traits were studied. The data used in the present study were collected from flocks at the Abbasabad sheep breeding research station in north east of Iran included 13625 animals descended from 275 sire and 3863 dam.Traits were birth weight, waning weight, 6-month weight, 12-month weight and greasy fleece weight at 18 month. Cytoplasmic origin was found by tracing the individual progeny to the earliest ancestor in the pedigree. Genetic Parameters were estimated by Derivative Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood (DFREML) using univariate animal models. For all traits cytoplasmic effects were not important. The evidence is broadly consist with 4% for BW and 2% for GFW of variation in performance due to cytoplasmic effects. However effects in genetic evaluations are likely to be small. Maternal genetic effect contribution on greasy fleece weight was very low.

The investigation presents a pragmatic methodology for assessing camels based on morphometric characteristics, body scores, and genomic information. The study comprised 87 dairy camels, including 62 Pakistani and 25 Iranian she-camels, which were assessed by three experts using 23 morphometric measurements, with scores out of 100 being awarded. In addition, genetic evaluation was conducted using markers associated with growth traits, with 60 SNPs being genotyped in 22 elite male calves. Pin width, depth, and chest circumference were found to be significantly greater in Pakistani she-camels (mean body score of 76.71 ± 12.31) compared to Iranian she-camels (mean body score of 57.12 ± 10.03) (p<0.05). The two she-camel groups were separated into distinct clusters based on principal component analysis of the morphometric characteristics. Moreover, the genetic analysis of SNPs (25% of the investigated records) confirmed that genetic differentiation between the two groups in terms of growth traits was significantly different (p<0.05). As a practical approach, the male calves were first evaluated based on maternal body score and milk ability; they were then evaluated based on growth-related SNPs. The findings suggest that morphometric data and body scores can be a suitable approach for evaluating dromedaries for milk production in extensive and semi-extensive systems. Additionally, the selection of male camels based on genetic markers related to growth traits can be effective due to natural mating.

In order to evaluate the production perfonnance of six hybrids broiler (Arborakers, Aryan, Cub, Hubbard, Lohaman and Ross) an experiment was conducted. Four hundred and eighty birds were allocated in a completely randomized design with 4 replicates and 20 birds per replicate from day old to 42 days of age. The performances of birds including growth rate, weight gain, food intake, feed efficiency, livability and production efficiency ratios were measured during the production period in order to compare the hybrids. Statistical analysis of performances criteria showed that there was significant differences in weekly weight gain among hybrids (p<0.01), the weight of Cubs were higher than others by the end of 42 days of experimental periods while Hubbard had the lowest weight gain. Birds also differed significantly in the amount of food intake (p<0.05), Ross had the lowest food intake and Cub had the highest intake. Since the weight gain was not similar and proportional to food intake, the hybrids also differed significantly in their feed efficiency ratio (p<0.01). Cub had the lowest feed efficiency ratio while Lohman had the highest. There were no significant differences in livability ratio among the hybrids. The production efficiency ratio, criteria that is relatively better indicator of performances (consisting of most performance and production criteria) was highest for Luhman, Weekly growth rate ratio and feed efficiency of all hybrids declined after 5th weeks indicating that there is relatively lower profit margin after 42 days of age. There were no significant differences in carcass ratio (to live body weight at the end of experiment), breast and leg ratio (to carcass weight) among hybrids examined. The abdominal fat percentage was lowest for Ross and highest for Lohman. Chemical analysis of carcass showed that Hubbard had the lowest fat percentage and highest protein content. Arborakers on the other hand, had the highest fat content while Ross had the lowest protein content in its carcass.

Medicinal plants contain active ingredients in one or some of their organs. Squalene is one of the active ingredients that prevent heart attacks and cardiovascular diseases and protect the body from some cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of squalene in a number of medicinal plants. In this experiment, the plant oils were extracted and measured using Bligh & Dyer with minor changes. TLC (thin layer chromatography) was used to identify squalene. Comparison of TLC of standard squalene with TLC of the investigated medicinal plant samples showed that Caryophillium aromaticus, Descurainia sophia, Portulaca Oleracea, Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa contained squalene. Although the percentage of Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa seed oil was higher than other medicinal plants, the squalane spot of clove plant had a higher intensity of color and this indicates a higher concentration of squalene in this plant.

This study was conducted during summer and winter of 2018- 2019 in the agricultural research field of Shahid Chamran University. Experimental design was split- plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot was the type of agricultural system in three levels including conventional (Conv), organic (Org) and sustainable (Sust) (integrated between Conv and Org) and sup- plot was the type of pre- cultivated crop in sequence with wheat including cultivation of mung bean (M- W), corn (C- W), sesame (S- W) and fallow (F- W). Yield quantity (yield and its component) and quality (grain protein), an estimate of photosynthesis matter transfer index of wheat and soil organic carbon (SOC) after one double-cropping were measured. The result showed that the highest (545.04 g/m2) and the lowest (409.28 g/m2) seed yields were obtained in Conv and Org respectively. In contract, with the changing type of system from Conv to Org, grain protein was increased significantly (from 8.3 to 9.6 %). In addition, the highest (535.47 g/m2) yield of wheat was obtained from M- W double cropping. On the other hands the highest remobilization and current photosynthesis matter were obtained in the organic agricultural system with M- W and conventional with M- W double cropping. The situation of SOC showed that the highest (33.18 mg/g) SOC was obtained in the organic agricultural system with C- W double cropping. The reason for improving SOC in the organic and sustainable agricultural system was application of organic matter (compost and vermicompost) and crop residue management. Totally, from the crop ecology point of view, sustainable agricultural method with a sequence of M- W was the most desirable system.

Maternal effects on body weight at 8 weeks of age (BW8W), egg weight (EW), egg number (EN) and age at sexual maturity (ASM) from 13 generations of Mazandaran native fowl were investigated. The data were analyzed using restricted maximum likelihood procedures and animal model with DFREML software. With or without using maternal effects, six different animal models were fitted. Likelihood ratio test wase employed to determine the most appropriate model. For all traits, maternal additive genetic and environmental effects together with the covariance between direct and maternal additive genetic effects were important. Direct heritability (h2a) ranged from 0.130 (for EN) to 0.506 (for EW). These estimates for maternal heritability (h2m) and maternal environmental variance as a proportion of the phenotypic variance (c2) varied from 0.008 (for EW) to 0.034 (for ASM), and 0.020 (for EN) to 0.047 (for BW8W), respectively. Also for all traits c2 was higher than h2m. The correlation between direct and maternal additive genetic effects (ram) were all negative and -0.737, -0.692, -0.590 and -0.396 for EN, EW, ASM and BW8W, respectively. The results indicated that ignoring maternal effects in the analysis of BW8W tended to overestimate direct additive genetic variance and heritability, but for EW, EN and ASM ignoring the covariance between direct and maternal additive genetic effects caused a decreased in those estimates.